Negotiating the Paradox: Adjuncts & Writing

  • 16 Feb 2010 /  plagiarism

    Jenny*,

    You asked the other day how you were supposed to know that the Week 6 paper was due by the end of the week. You seemed miffed when I answered that it said so in the syllabus and in the weekly reminder of the work due that I send to everyone, and that we talked about it in class. I think your exact words were “Jeez, don’t be so pissy about it.”

    Donald*, you asked how you were supposed to know that the school’s rules about plagiarism applied to all assignments, not just long papers. You seemed outraged when I referred you to the school’s academic honor code. “It’s not fair,” you said. “How was I supposed to know about that.” When I said that it was in the syllabus, that we’d discussed it in class, that I’d mentioned it in my comments on your earlier paper, and that I’d begged the class to share any questions they had on the topic, you went all sullen and silent. For a while. Then you asked the same question on the phone. And via email. Emails.

    Jenny, if you want to know why I sounded pissy, see the note to Donald above. That’ll tell you about a quarter of the story: you asked me about that due date when I was in between questions from Donald. My bad, and I apologize.

    The other three quarters of the story are the parts you can’t see, and can’t know. The second quarter is that I had blocked out my own writing project to work on that afternoon, and answering Donald’s questions, phone calls, and emails. You don’t know adjunct from tenured, so you don’t know I’m more careful about CYA in those exchanges than my professors were when I was an undergraduate, because I’m always afraid of being let go. Too many student complaints: blip! No more Dr. Beatty, at least here.

    Jenny, unlike Donald, I love to write. I live to write. It is calling, and I skipped Monday’s writing to deal with his bull. I could feel the story slipping away, buried under irritation and simple distraction as I fielded questions.

    And a chunk of Tuesday’s writing time was spent documenting his plagiarism. Again, you don’t know adjunct from ad hominem (I know—I graded your quiz on fallacies), but that too is due to being an adjunct. I don’t want to be let go, and I don’t want to not be scheduled because I didn’t follow procedures…and I have a mortgage and no job security. That means I spend more time documenting Donald’s plagiarism than he spent “writing” the assignment—several times as much, in fact. That’s the third quarter.

    The fourth invisible quarter is that our school doesn’t care about my writing. This means I have to maintain my motivation in the absence of praise, support, or even acknowledgement. Jenny, remember how you smiled when you earned that B+ on the first paper? And how you were reassured when I told everyone I’d gotten their papers? Try writing without any of that. It’s possible, but it is harder.

    And that part isn’t your fault. It isn’t Donald’s, even, though he’s a mighty fine lightning rod for my irritation over the situation.

    But I thought you should know…

    I’ll be better on Thursday. The story’s just a pile of notes, not a story, but at least I’m not mad at you guys anymore. But seriously, read the syllabus and don’t cheat, or I may stick a pencil in my eye.

    Sincerely yours,
    Greg

    (* = Names have been changed to protect the guilty and clueless.)

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  • 23 Jul 2009 /  plagiarism, teaching, time management

    Last week I gave an overview of the issues involved in the plagiarism question. This week I’m going to share a personal narrative of one adjunct’s experience dealing with plagiarism.

    Like many adjuncts, I teach for more than one school. Like many adjuncts, I do so for money, which is to say, less greed than making enough to cover bills and pay my own health insurance.

    I currently teach for four schools, all online. (I can’t imagine what it would be like to teach for more than one school in the traditional classroom, what with variable commuting time and parking situations. Those of you who do have my profound sympathy.) So that I don’t get fired, let’s call these schools College A, College B, College C, and College D, and follow plagiarized papers through the processing loop.

    A student paper comes in, and before I even read it, I can tell it is plagiarized by the shift in font size and color midway through the paper. Reading it makes the plagiarism even clearer. The writing shifts quality, style, and vocabulary at the place where the font color changed. That’s plagiarism. I’m sure.

    To be certain, I run the paper through Turnitin. I get a colorful report indicating substantial plagiarism. However, it doesn’t tag some of the sections I had spotted on my own, so I copy and paste them into Google. Sure enough, they are plagiarized too. I note the URLs and insert comments into Word indicating where each plagiarized section comes from.

    But what happens next depends on the school.

    Imagine the paper is written for College A. College A’s administration takes a hard line on plagiarism. The plagiarized paper gets an F. We’re done.

    Imagine the paper is written for College B. College B sees its role as guiding students to a better understanding of the research and citation process, so students must be asked to explain the apparent similarities between their work and work found online. Even if there’s a 100% match, they must be asked and given a chance to answer. No guidance is given on what constitutes a sufficient answer beyond “use your own judgment.” No guidance is given on how long to wait for an answer. When plagiarism charges are filed, I’m asked if I’m sure, and if I really want to do this for just X % of a paper. (Different numbers have floated around. I’ve heard numbers as low as 15%, and as high as 30%.)

    All students always have reasons they cheated. (No one ever plagiarizes, even on papers that are 100% plagiarized.) This means the discussion continues for an indefinite time.

    Imagine the paper is written for College C. College C holds to a strict honor code, and reviews each code violation independently. That’s great, but that review takes weeks, and until it is done, those students get incompletes on those assignments. That too is fine, but the school requires midterm notifications regarding students who are failing, and incompletes for pending honor code violations are not to be taken into account.

    Imagine the paper is written for College D. College D says it holds to a strict honor code, and even provides its own plagiarism checker for student and faculty use. However, of all the schools, plagiarism is most common at College D. What’s more, due to combination of faulty understanding of what plagiarism is and a weak plagiarism checker, students regularly respond to accusations of plagiarism not with “But this is completely my own work” but rather “But the plagiarism checker said this was okay.”

    When I explain that a paper can receive a 0% plagiarism report and still be 100% plagiarized by using materials not in the database, students get angry. Some file complaints.

    It gets worse. College A’s plagiarism report form is simple. Neither College B or C have formal forms; I just write up the offense and send it in. College D, however, has a web form with very specific boxes to complete. If incorrectly completed, it is rejected. (I’ve had a plagiarism charge rejected because I used Word’s comments feature to note the plagiarized sections instead of the highlighting feature. I was allowed, however, to re-file the complaint. Whew! There’s another 30 minutes of time spent on the same task!)

    It gets worse. College D gives students roughly two weeks to respond to each plagiarism charge. During that time before the response, any plagiarism counts as the first charge. (I can fail students, but students aren’t punished for those offenses by the school.)

     

    Plagiarism is embarrassing at any school, and it’s freaking tedious. I hate filing paperwork instead of teaching. But functionally, what plagiarism means for me varies incredibly according to which school it happens at.

    At College A? At College A I make darn sure students know what plagiarism is and how to avoid it, since the penalties are clear. Then, when it happens, there’s a spike of pain and pity for the students, and it’s over.

    Time penalty to me of student plagiarism? 5 minutes.

    At College B? At College B, a plagiarized paper plunges me into a morass of despair. Why do I have to ask these going through the motions questions? Why encourage lying? (When truth telling is penalized, lying is markedly more likely.)

    Time penalty to me? Unknown and unknowable, but usually about an hour per plagiarized paper.

    At College C? At College C, dealing with the plagiarism is straightforward on my end, but I feel dishonest. I can’t tell students who plagiarize they’re doing badly in the class because the report’s not back? Why?

    Time penalty? About 10 minutes to write things up and explain the incomplete.

    At College D? At College D, the mass of despair becomes some putrid abyss. I resent College B’s approach for the squishy dishonesty, but at this point in the process, I loath College D’s approach.

    Time penalty? Unknown and unknowable, but it starts at an hour per plagiarized paper and may go to several and drag out over weeks or months, depending on student complaints.

    For me, then, what plagiarism means depends on where it happens. And tracking these different approaches means juggling standards, and remembering what the rules and processes are where. And that means plagiarism determines how much time and mental energy I have left for my own writing.

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  • 16 Jul 2009 /  plagiarism, teaching

    Ah, yes, time to touch on another painful topic: plagiarism. Just as mentioning tenure produces a stream of bile and frustration over one end of a broken system, so does mentioning plagiarism.

    Plagiarism is rampant, not just in higher education. In “Justice or Just Us? What to Do About Cheating” (collected in Guiding Students from Cheating and Plagiarism to Honesty and Integrity , which will be reviewed here), Jason M. Stephens indicates that roughly “two thirds of students cheat on tests and 90 percent cheat on homework” (2005, p. 33). If this many high school students cheat on their work in high school, how could anyone expect them to suddenly not cheat in college?

    While swapping test answers and snapping cell phone photos of exams to share with friends are threats possible for all subjects and modes of assignments, plagiarizing papers offers particular threats, and particular threats to adjuncts. Plagiarism is also harder for adjuncts to prevent and deal with.

    The threat of plagiarism is, I trust, fairly obvious. Many students don’t understand plagiarism well. They’re not particularly clear on why /how outside sources need to be cited, and how citing sources makes research legitimate when not citing it doesn’t. However, those challenges have skyrocketed since the advent of the Internet and the ease of copy and paste. In ye olden days, at least students might accidentally paraphrase an assignment when they retyped the encyclopedia entry. Now a control-A/ control-C/ control-V sequence means they’ve copied the whole document and pasted it into their papers.

    If that weren’t enough, bloggers snip from or link to one another’s blogs all the time, building habits that could lead to plagiarism. Then there are sites like Best Essays, who help students convince themselves that buying “custom written” and submitting them as your own isn’t plagiarism. Hey, it can’t be: it’s right there at the top of the website. (And if you want to know who writes these papers, and how term papers play into a flawed system, I recommend Nick Mamatas’s “The Term Paper Artist.” )

    But if plagiarism is so prevalent, it might not be as evident why or how it is more challenging for adjuncts. Start with prevention. One of the best ways to prevent plagiarism is to produce an academic culture which shares an ethos of honesty, and which applies consistent standards throughout the program. Let me state the obvious: this is much harder to do with adjuncts. Some of this comes from the essential nature of the employment. It is harder to integrate short term workers into institutional culture. Some of comes from current nature of adjunct employment. It is harder to take the time to even learn your institution’s culture if you’re racing from school to school. Let me try that again, more bluntly: you can’t be an integrated part of a culture if you’re a disposable part of four cultures.

    Another best practice for preventing plagiarism is building an emotional connection with students. If they can see you care about them, and they care about you, they will want to disappoint you less. (For a time I attended a school where an older Catholic monk taught. He radiated love—and no one wanted to disappoint him.) Is this possible for adjuncts? Yes, but less so. Racing off to the next school, etc., means less time for students as people.

    Other best practices for preventing plagiarism are changing assignments frequently, making them highly specific, and assigning papers to be graded in stages, so you can confirm that students are doing their own work. However, the more often you change assignments, and the more stages you assign, the less automated the grading process, and the more time and energy grading takes.

    Turning to catching plagiarists, I’ve been doing an informal survey for years among adjunct faculty. Many do punish students for plagiarism, but a substantial number don’t. When I ask them why, the answers always come down to time and money. As one adjunct put it, “They don’t pay me enough to fill out all those forms.”

    I’ve taught for schools where the institutional paperwork required to file a plagiarism charge took half an hour to complete per student. The week I had six plagiarists from that school my heart sank. That’s three hours of unpaid labor to uphold ethical standards…and risk low student evaluations for doing so. I’ve had other adjuncts tell me that if their teaching evaluations were too low, they wouldn’t be rehired…and that students who were caught plagiarizing always gave low teaching evaluations.

    Adjuncts who are willing to spend the time to catch plagiarists might want to use one of the various paid anti-plagiarism services, like Turnitin.com. However, as Kenneth H. Ryesky argued in “Part Time Soldiers,” “The working conditions of adjunct faculty members impact their ability and inclination to join the battle against student plagiarism” because some schools will not fund adjunct use of such software. If you want to use it at those schools, you pay for your own access. Ryesky also notes that because the institutional processes dealing with plagiarism may take a long time, students may escape punishment because adjuncts are no longer at the school the following session to pursue the matter.

    I could go on, but the conclusions are clear. If colleges want to prevent plagiarized papers and promote ethical behavior among student writers, they’d use fewer adjuncts and/or pay and treat them better.

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